For heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems to provide cooling for refrigeration to provide cooling for industrial processes they provide cooling in a process that is essentially the same as that used in domestic fridges, based on either compression or absorption. The following dates and events illustrate the development of the industry and the variety. As demonstrated in figure 4, the higher the mie, the. Refrigerants are divided into three groups according to flammability. A refrigerant is a compound that can readily absorb heat at one temperature, then compressed by a heat pump to a higher temperature and pressure where it changes phase and discharges the absorbed heat.
Many working fluids have been used for such purposes. Classification can be divided into class 1, class 2, class 3. The following pages contain pressuretemperature charts for the refrigerants. R22 is a typical refrigerant currently used in heatcraft refrigeration products llcs medium temperature commercial refrigeration product lines. R 22 special precautions should be taken while designing the system to ensure oil return to the compressor i dilelectric strength. Linde strongly advocates the use of refrigerant gases with zero ozone depletion potential and fully supports the phase out of hcfcs. Choice of refrigerants for ship refrigeration systems. Specifications of embraco refrigeration compressors. Synthetic and organic refrigerants are classified under two main categories, primary and secondary. Pdf refrigerant types, issues, trends and future options.
The primary refrigerants are those that pass through the processes of compression, cooling or condensation, expansion and evaporation or warming up during cyclic processes. R463a has a higher cooling capacity qe than that of r404a, as it is composed of hydrofluorocarbons hfcs r32 and. Dupont isceon 9 series reading a pdf file on ipad refrigerants have proven to be easytouse. Designation and safety classification of refrigerants.
Most common commercial refrigerants are the chlorofluorocarbons cfcs which, because of their high ozone damaging potential, are being phased out. Reprints one comment blends are made up of two or more single component refrigerants. Download limit exceeded you have exceeded your daily download allowance. Refrigerants are widely used in refrigeration cycle where cooling effect below the atmospheric temperatures are needed. Ecofriendly refrigerants as substitutes for hfc4a a. One of two situations will occur, depending on how strongly the different molecules are attracted to each other. Mechanical refrigeration makes possible the control of the pressure and therefore, the temperature at which a refrigerant boils within the limits of critical pressure and temperature. Revised formulations have been used for many refrigerants. Each refrigerant type is denoted by a different series. Pdf properties of refrigerants from cubic equations of state. Discuss the importance of selection of suitable refrigerant in a refrigeration system section 26. They do not deplete the ozone layer and make a negligible or zero in the case of r717 ammonia contribution to global warming. R22 chc1f425 and r11 cc1435f are colorless, nonexplosive, nonpoisonous refrigerants with many properties similar to those of r12. The assessed refrigerants are r290, r600a, r430a, and r436a.
Commercial and domestic refrigeration used ammonia, methyl chloride, sulphur dioxide, propane and isobutane. Natural refrigerants are chemicals which occur in natures biochemical processes. In compression systems, a liquid refrigerant with a low. The following is a list of refrigerants with their typeprefix, ashrae designated numbers, iupac chemical name, molecular formula, cas registry number blend name, atmospheric lifetime in years, semiempirical ozone depletion potential, net global warming potential over a 100year time horizon, occupational exposure limitpermissible exposure. New refrigerants for vapour compression refrigeration and. Refrigerants can be broadly classified based on the following. Refrigerants are classified according to their way of absorption or extraction of heat from substances stored in the refrigerator. Further information can be found in the latest version of standard 34, available. Without being pressureregulated, primary refrigerants absorb all available heat.
A refrigerant with a lower boiling point tends to have a better ability to cool. Refrigerant history and nomenclature part 2 forward. Fellow ashrae mcquay international staunton, virginia usa 1 what is a refrigerant. Mixtures of r12 vapor and air, in all proportions, will not.
It was banned in 1994 due to it harming the ozone layer. The most common refrigerants for the first 100 years were familiar solvents and other volatile fluids. R410a genetron az20, suva 410a, and puron, r4a r407c. Classify refrigerants into primary and secondary, and. Polytechnic college bhopal, india abstract in developing country like india, most of the vcr systems based on halogenated refrigerant are. The high efficiency of natural refrigerants also means that they make a lower indirect contribution to global warming. The global refrigerants market is large and is projected to grow rapidly as developing. Environmental consciousness refrigerant options now and in. There are many kinds of refrigerant and or refrigerant on the market today, but only a few that are widely used. Conventional and alternative refrigerants an overview. The other important valuable characteristic of refrigerants are low liquid viscosity, high.
Refrigerants are classified by ashrae, and their friends r numbers are assigned in accordance with certain rules. Since odp depends mainly on the presence of chlorine or bromine in the molecules, refrigerants having either chlorine i. Primary refrigerants change states to absorb heat from surrounding areas or substances. This article is the brief overview of what are refrigerants and the history of refrigerants. Whether your application is air conditioning, commercial refrigeration, process chilling or heat extraction, we can help you meet environmental regulations. It has long been used in a variety of airconditioning and refrigeration applications in a variety of markets. Zeotropic mixtures are given an identification number in the 400 series. In refrigeration and air conditioning applications there are wide range of conditions in which the refrigerants. Guiding you through todays and tomorrows refrigerants and technologies, with emphasis on global warming potential, energy consumption. These include thermodynamic, chemical, safety and environmental properties, as well as practical and market implications such. R407a, r407c o r600 series miscellaneous hydrocarbons r600a isobutane o r700 series inorganics, based on molecular weight, like co 2 is r744 refrigerant nomenclature quick overview nomenclature developed as an is easier way to communicate r. Refrigerants are divided into groups according to their chemical composition. Working principle under this heading, we have the primary or common refrigerants and the secondary refrigerants. A comparison between refrigerants used in air conditioning.
Singlecompound refrigerants september 1999 prepared by james m. Class 1 refrigerants used in the standard compression type cooling system. Consumer information about ac refrigerant gases and r22 substitute gases, us epa information updated to 2012. This refrigerant was introduced commercially in the early 1960s for low temperature applications and is particularly suitable for hermetic compressors. Properties of refrigerants n low boiling point and high latent heat of vaporization n dense vapor n low toxicity n non flammable n low miscibility with oil n low cost ammonia n has good heat transfer properties n not miscible with oil n but n toxic n flammable n corrosive to. The refrigerant is the fluid that is used in the vapor compression refrigeration system for carrying the heat from the substance or the fluid to be cooled and throws it to the atmosphere. R12 was the refrigerant back in the 20th century for automobile applications. What are the most common types of refrigerant today. The embraco brand is present in products from leading refrigeration manufacturers throughout the world. For example, classification of refrigerants derivatives of hydrocarbons, saturated and consisting of one substance only shown in the example below.
Explain the concepts of ozone depletion and global warming and the contribution of cfchcfchfc refrigerants to both issues 4. These naming conventions differ according to the type of refrigerant. Danfoss encourages the further development and use of low gwp refrigerants to help slow, and ultimately reverse, the process of global warming while helping to. Tables for r11, r, r1, r114, r141b, r142b, r500, r502, r503, and r720 neon may be found in the 1997 ashrae handbookfundamentals. Refrigerants pdf classify refrigerants into primary and secondary, and discuss the important. Thermodynamic and transport properties of refrigerants are the most important factors in selection of the refrigerants as they determine the performance of the system. The tables contained on this page list approved refrigerant numbers from ansiashrae 342019, designation and safety classification of refrigerants, the latest edition of standard 34, which describes a shorthand way of naming refrigerants and assigns safety classifications based on toxicity and flammability data. Local law 69 of 20 makes original equipment manufacturers oems, as defined by the law, responsible for the lawful recovery of refrigerants from their refrigerantcontaining appliances when those appliances are discarded by residents. If refrigerant gas escapes from a system, it can also contrib ute to direct global. Refrigerants with higher boiling points tend to be more efficient and may work well in a smaller machine.
Fluorocarbons, especially chlorofluorocarbons, became commonplace in the 20th century, but they are being phased out because of their ozone depletion effects. Here are some of the desirable properties of refrigerant explained in detail. A refrigerant is a substance or mixture, usually a fluid, used in a heat pump and refrigeration cycle. Refrigerants for commercial refrigeration applications.
To develop the nomenclature for common refrigerants, ashrae developed standard 34, designation and safety classification of refrigerants. In most cycles it undergoes phase transitions from a liquid to a gas and back again. Now that you know a little more about the history and general types of refrigerants i recommend you read part 1 if you havent already its time to get to the really interesting part, refrigerant nomenclature or naming convention. Whenever we choose them for particular use properties of refrigerants also plays a vital role in economic and environmental friendly application. Refrigeration system choice of refrigerants for ship refrigeration systems choice of refrigerant. This is an important property for systems using hermetic 2 refrigerants 1. Following the discovery that some of these chemical compounds may be harmful to the environment, they are being replaced with more environmentally friendly alternatives see figure 5. For example, r407 ae are mixtures of the refrigerants r32, r125 and r4a. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information. Investigation and analysis of r463a as an alternative refrigerant to. Refrigerants in buildings designing buildings wiki. The 2015 fgas regulation is driving industry to use lower gwp1 refrigerants in many applications. For example r402a and r402b are made up of the same refrigerants, but with different percentages of each refrigerant.
Distinguish between the refrigerants that have been in used in vapor compression systems up to now 2. Chemical used in a cooling mechanism, such as an air conditioner or refrigerator, as the heat carrier which changes from gas to liquid and the back to gas in the refrigeration cycle. Environmental consciousness refrigerant options now and in the future danfoss helps define your refrigerant choice making modern living possible. Describe the basic chemical compositions of refrigerants and the numbering system used to classify refrigerants 3. Download natural refrigerants overview brochurepdf. Thus, we have separate series for halogenated refrigerants and other types. The eu regulation 5172014, which came into force on the 1st january 2015, introduces a ban on new equipment using hfc refrigerants with a gwp of over 2500 by 2020. History modern refrigeration methods, as distinguished from the use of ice and snow, go back to the early part of the 19th century.
Calm engineering consultant 10887 woodleaf lane great falls, va 220663003 usa for the airconditioning and refrigeration technology institute 4301. Describe the numbering system used for designating refrigerants section. R12 has been retained to assist in making comparisons. Transcritical co2 booster refrigeration systems have seen growing interest in recent years as they can provide twostage refrigeration with r744, which has a gwp of 1.
Mie would allow greater charge sizes to be used for refrigerants with lower 2l burning velocities or for refrigerants that approach the nonflammable limit. The closed circuit ensures repeated use of the same refrigerant with little or no loss to atmosphere. Refrigerants and their application presented by thomas e. Because of the similarities between r22, r11, and r12, only r12 is discussed. R5a have been analysed as alternatives to r4a in a small capacity refrigeration system, and an r449a was studied in a retrofit. R404a specialised in solutions for domestic and commercial refrigeration, embraco is a global company, world leader in compressors.
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